{"id":132,"date":"2016-01-27T22:55:17","date_gmt":"2016-01-27T22:55:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blue-mountain.net\/wordpress\/?page_id=132"},"modified":"2016-02-22T20:54:40","modified_gmt":"2016-02-22T20:54:40","slug":"terminology","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/blue-mountain.net\/wordpress\/terminology\/","title":{"rendered":"Terminology"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\n
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Terminology and Measurements of Performance <\/span><\/h2>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

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Understanding livestock terminology and measurements of performance are an important component to be able to measure success.\u00a0 The following is a list of different common terms.<\/p>\n

NUTRITION<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ad Lib:\u00a0 <\/strong>Also known as Free Choice.\u00a0\u00a0Sufficient Feed is made available at all times to enable the animal to eat as much as it can eat.<\/p>\n

Air Dry Basis:\u00a0 <\/strong>A parameter stating \u201cthe nutrient value\u201d of feed ingredients or feed that has naturally dried in the open air until it cannot dry or dissipate any more moisture (usually around 10-12% moisture)<\/p>\n

Amino Acids:\u00a0 <\/strong>Building Blocks of Protein.<\/p>\n

Animal Protein Product (APP):\u00a0 <\/strong>The protein ingredient made from Meat, Bone meal, Carcasses, Blood, Feathers of any animal and\/or Fish that is treated at very high temperatures.\u00a0 Ingredients that our consumers do not wish to see fed to the animals supplying the meat that they eat.<\/p>\n

As Fed Basis:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0Weight of the feed or ingredient including <\/em><\/strong>moisture (water) content. Example: The breeder feed was 23.1% protein on an As Fed or As Is Basis.<\/p>\n

Balanced Ration:\u00a0 <\/strong>To be balanced a ration must contain the 5 essential elements – Water, Protein, Energy, Vitamins and Minerals in the proper amount and ratios for the specie being fed.\u00a0\u00a0 A specific formula designed for a specific task – i.e.. Meat Production, Egg Production, Body Maintenance<\/p>\n

Complete Feed:\u00a0 <\/strong>A ration that provides ALL the nutrients required.\u00a0 This can be purchased or it can be made up on farm<\/p>\n

Daily Feed Intake<\/strong>:\u00a0 See Total Daily Nutrient Intake<\/p>\n

Deficient\/Deficiencies:\u00a0 <\/strong>Short of certain nutrients<\/p>\n

Density:\u00a0 <\/strong>When applied to the rations, describes the\u00a0amount of nutrients within a measurement unit of\u00a0the total ration.<\/p>\n

Digestible:\u00a0 <\/strong>Easily digested by the animal<\/p>\n

Dry Matter:\u00a0 <\/strong>The portion of the feed remaining after removal of the moisture.<\/p>\n

Dry Matter Basis:<\/strong> A parameter of stating the nutrient value of feed ingredients or feeds with all moisture removed. Example: The breeder feed was 23.1% protein on a Dry Matter Basis.<\/p>\n

Dry Feeds:\u00a0 <\/strong>Complete feeds, Hay and supplements – Feeds that are around 90% Dry Matter<\/p>\n

Farm Management:\u00a0 <\/strong>The attention to detail on all aspects of managing the total farm operation.<\/p>\n

Feed Formula:\u00a0 <\/strong>The list of ingredients and their inclusion levels making up a ration.<\/p>\n

Feed Cost Unit:\u00a0 <\/strong>Using the lowest cost feed possible with production not a relevant factor.<\/p>\n

Feeding Rate:\u00a0 <\/strong>The amount in pounds or kilos that a specific feed must be fed per bird\u00a0per day or per bird per feeding.<\/p>\n

Feed Ingredient Group:\u00a0 <\/strong>Ingredients fall into different categories \u2013 i.e. Grain, Forage, Protein, Fat, Vitamin or Mineral<\/p>\n

Feed Label\/Feed Tag:\u00a0 <\/strong>The details of a specific ration that should contain information such as Animal the feed is designed to be fed to, Ration purpose (grower,\u00a0layer, maintenance), Nutrient Levels, Ingredients, Feeding Rate, Special warnings, Batch Number<\/p>\n

Feed Management:\u00a0 <\/strong>The attention to detail on all aspects of feeding an animal<\/p>\n

Feed Production Value:\u00a0 <\/strong>The design of a feed formula has an inherent production potential\/value.\u00a0 High Production will be a feed formula that uses quality ingredients and high supplemented levels of vitamins, minerals and other additives such as Amino Acids.\u00a0 Medium Production will be a feed formula that uses quality ingredients but medium to low supplemented levels of vitamins and minerals.\u00a0 Low Production will be a feed formula that uses poor quality ingredients, many by products, least cost formulation and low supplemented levels of vitamins and minerals.<\/p>\n

Flushing:\u00a0 <\/strong>A system that used to be used in Livestock Nutrition.\u00a0 It is the feeding of a ration to prepare for the next production season for production animals that have been fed a poor ration during their \u2018off season\u2019. Modern Nutrition Technology provides \u2018production\u2019 livestock with \u2018replenisher\u2019 rations during the \u2018off season\u2019.\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Ground Feed:\u00a0 <\/strong>A ration fed in meal form and not pelleted.\u00a0 It is a courser chop than \u2018meal feed\u2019.<\/p>\n

Inclusion Level:\u00a0 <\/strong>The amount in pounds or kilos that a specific ingredient is included within a ration.\u00a0 This will be measured in pounds, kilograms, parts per million (ppm), International Units (IU) etc. dependent on the specific ingredient referenced.<\/p>\n

Indigestible:\u00a0 <\/strong>Not easily digested by the animal.<\/p>\n

Ingredients:\u00a0 <\/strong>The components that make up a ration – such as Lucerne, Maize, Soyameal<\/p>\n

Inorganic:\u00a0 <\/strong>The source of the nutrient is a “mined from the earth” Mineral or Trace Mineral.<\/p>\n

Interrelationships:\u00a0 <\/strong>All nutrients in a ration depend on other nutrients in a ration to be utilised correctly.<\/p>\n

IU\/International Units<\/strong>:\u00a0 A unit used to measure the activity (that is, the effect) of many vitamins and drugs.<\/p>\n

Limit Fed:\u00a0 <\/strong>Rations fed at a specific amount per animal per day.<\/p>\n

Major Minerals\/Macro Minerals: <\/strong>Minerals such as Calcium and Phosphorous that\u00a0 are included in a ration in relatively large amounts.\u00a0 Usually measured in Grams\/day<\/p>\n

Meal Feed<\/strong>:\u00a0 A finely ground feed.<\/p>\n

Metabolised:\u00a0 <\/strong>The process whereby the food is digested to enable the animal to utilise the nutrients<\/p>\n

Minor Minerals\/Trace Minerals: <\/strong>Minerals such as Copper and Zinc that are included in a ration in very small amounts.\u00a0 Usually measured in 1\/1000 of a gram or fractions of a milligram per head per day.<\/p>\n

Nutrition:\u00a0 <\/strong>The study of the materials that nourish an organism and of the manner in which the separate components are used for maintenance, repair, growth, and reproduction.<\/p>\n

Nutrients:\u00a0 <\/strong>Items such as Protein, Fat, Fibre, Energy, Minerals, Trace Minerals, and Vitamins.<\/p>\n

Organic:\u00a0 <\/strong>The source of a nutrient is Vegetable or Animal Origin<\/p>\n

Pelleted:\u00a0 <\/strong>A ration that goes through the process to compact the ration into a pellet.<\/p>\n

Performance:\u00a0 <\/strong>The measurement of production achieved.\u00a0 e.g. Eggs\/hen; Feed Conversion Ration (FCR), Cost per kilo of Gain<\/p>\n

Premix:\u00a0 <\/strong>A very broad term to describe a mixture of more than one component.\u00a0 It may be a number of vitamins.\u00a0 Generally when discussing a complete ration – the premix will include all the Vitamins, Trace Minerals, Amino Acids and other additives such as yeast that are in specific quantities and ratios for that particular ration for the particular specie.\u00a0 Some premixes will include the major minerals as well.<\/p>\n

Production Unit:\u00a0 <\/strong>Treating livestock as Production Units when evaluating costs of feed.\u00a0 The producer evaluates the cost of feed by costs per Units of Production.\u00a0 With Ostrich Units of Production are Fertile Eggs, Slaughter Birds, Kilos of Meat, Kilos of Fat and quality of all end products.<\/p>\n

Ration:\u00a0 <\/strong>A ration may be fed as a complete ration – or it may be made up of Grazing plus a balancing supplement.<\/p>\n

Roughage:\u00a0 <\/strong>A misleading term that is often used to describe the Fibre content of a diet.\u00a0 This is misleading farmers to believe that the fibre portion of the ration\u2019s only purpose is to aid digestion, without reference to the digestibility of that fibre source.\u00a0 A quality fibre source will carry valuable nutrients also.<\/p>\n

Source:\u00a0 <\/strong>All ingredients contribute a number of nutrients to a ration.\u00a0 An example – Protein sources can be Soyameal, Lucerne, APPs, Grains.\u00a0 It can also be used to describe where an ingredient came from – its origin.<\/p>\n

Supplement<\/strong>:\u00a0 This is a fairly broad term and can have a number of different applications:<\/p>\n

1.\u00a0 A specific ration designed to be fed\u00a0to Grazing animals or animals on hay or silage fed separately.\u00a0 This will include the protein, energy (grain), supplemented vitamins, minerals, amino acids to balance with forage portion of the diet<\/p>\n

2.\u00a0 A specific ration as above to be added to the Grain and Forage on farm to make up a complete feed<\/p>\n

3.\u00a0 Any nutrient fed in addition to the basic ration is also a supplement to the overall rations and will\u00a0contribute to the overall Total daily Nutrient Intake.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Example is vitamin packs that can be added to the water.<\/p>\n

Supplementation:\u00a0 <\/strong>Vitamins, Minerals, Amino Acids, Probiotics etc. are fed in addition to those available from the main ingredients\u00a0when included within a Premix\u00a0that forms part of\u00a0the ration.<\/p>\n

Total Daily Nutrient Intake:\u00a0 <\/strong>EVERY nutrient that an animal consumes in a day has a contribution towards the total\u00a0daily nutrient needs of that animal.<\/p>\n

Utilisation:\u00a0 <\/strong>The ability of the animal to make use of all the nutrients within the ration<\/p>\n

Wet Feeds:\u00a0 <\/strong>Feeds such as Fresh Grass or Lucerne (grazed or fed chopped) and Silage.\u00a0 Ingredients with a high moisture content<\/p>\n

EFFECTS OF NUTRITION AND MEASUREMENTS OF PERFORMANCE <\/strong><\/h5>\n

Boneless Meat:\u00a0 <\/strong>The weight of all saleable meat<\/p>\n

Carcass Weight:\u00a0 <\/strong>The weight of a bird at slaughter after de-skinning and evisceration.\u00a0 Same as Rail Weight<\/p>\n

Feed Conversion Ratio:\u00a0 <\/strong>(FCR) – The amount of feed intake to make 1 kilo or pound of weight gain.\u00a0 Usually referenced to Liveweight<\/p>\n

Fertility:\u00a0 <\/strong>Percentage of all eggs set that are Fertile – capable of developing an embryo<\/p>\n

Genetic Potential:\u00a0 <\/strong>Every animal has a certain inherited ability to produce eggs, develop muscle etc.<\/p>\n

Growth Rate:\u00a0 <\/strong>Rate at which an animal achieves certain weights between two dates.<\/p>\n

Hatchability:\u00a0 <\/strong>The percentage of eggs that hatch successfully.\u00a0 This maybe expressed as a percentage of all eggs laid, it may be expressed as a percentage of all Fertile Eggs<\/p>\n

Kill Out Percentage:<\/strong>\u00a0 See Liveweight to Kill out Percentage<\/p>\n

Leg Weight:<\/strong>\u00a0 The weight of Leg Muscle Assemblies, bone in and including OS1060<\/p>\n

Live Weight:\u00a0 <\/strong>Total weight of any live animal at any stage of development<\/p>\n

Live Weight to Kill Out Percentage: <\/strong>Meat Produced expressed as a percentage of Liveweight<\/p>\n

Malnutrition:\u00a0 <\/strong>Insufficient Nutrition<\/p>\n

Nutritional History:<\/strong>\u00a0 The quality of feeding in previous months and years.<\/p>\n

Mortality:\u00a0 <\/strong>The percentage of chicks surviving hatch\/or adult birds that die.<\/p>\n

Survivability:\u00a0 <\/strong>The percentage of all Chicks hatch that develop to slaughter or adulthood<\/p>\n

FEED PRODUCTS <\/strong><\/h5>\n

There are many different terms used to describe different feed products manufactured. It is important to understand what is meant by all these terms. The hard part is that terms and names will vary from feed mill to feed mill and country to country. In general, the following descriptions will be true:<\/p>\n

Premix or Premixes:\u00a0 <\/strong>Many different products are manufactured under the name of “Premix”. The following products are most relevant to the Ostrich Farmer:<\/p>\n

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  • Vitamin and Mineral Premix Without Macro Minerals. Most usually contains vitamins, micro minerals (trace minerals) and amino acids. Salt, yeast, calcium, and phosphorus will be added during the mixing process by the farm or mill.<\/li>\n
  • Vitamin and Mineral Premix With Macro Minerals. Most usually contains all required vitamins, minerals, micro minerals (trace minerals), salt, yeast, and amino acids. This is a complete vitamin\/mineral\/additive package that can be mixed with feedstuffs for a complete ration.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Most animal feed companies will purchase either of these two products from specialist feed companies. Some work closely with the Premix development company for ration formulations. Others simply add the products to their own formulations.<\/p>\n

    Farmers mixing on the farm also use either of the above products. The supplying Premix Company provides the required ration formulations based on the suitable ingredients the farmer has available either grown on the farm, or purchased locally.<\/p>\n

    Protein Supplements\/Concentrates:\u00a0 <\/strong>Feed mills manufacture these products. They will include all the vitamins, minerals and additives and also the protein ingredient of a ration formulation. They are designed for the farmer to add to his own grown grain and forage ingredients. Care needs to be taken when using these supplements that particle sizes of the individual ingredients in the complete ration match. For example: If a farm is adding Lucerne (alfalfa) pellets, the supplement must be pelleted and the maize (corn) fed whole. If a farm is feeding chopped Lucerne (alfalfa), the supplement should be ground with the maize (corn) also ground. This helps prevent birds selectively choosing different ingredients and eating too much of one particular ingredient.<\/p>\n

    Grazing and Forage Supplements or Concentrates:\u00a0 <\/strong>Also manufactured by feed mills and will include vitamins, minerals, and additives. They will also include the protein ingredients and sufficient grain ingredients to match the forage source used on the farm. Take great care that such supplements are designed to be fed with the forage available on the farm. Example: Do not use a supplement designed to be fed with Grass when using Lucerne (alfalfa). Do not use a supplement designed to be fed with Lucerne (alfalfa) when feeding Grass.<\/p>\n

    Farmers may also mix their own Grazing & Forage Supplement or Concentrate using a purchased vitamin and mineral Premix.<\/p>\n

    Note: The authors do not recommend this method of feeding Ostriches if optimum performance is to be achieved.<\/p>\n

    Complete Feeds:\u00a0 <\/strong>These products supply ALL the nutrients required to provide a complete balanced ration to the birds. These complete feeds can be pelleted feeds or meal (ground) feeds. Under no circumstances should anything further be fed to the birds when using complete feed products.<\/p>\n

    Mineral Licks:\u00a0 <\/strong>A mineral lick is a mineral product that provides “free choice” mineral supplementation to grazing animals.<\/p>\n

    The Authors do no recommend the use of mineral lick product as they DO NOT fit into our policy of providing cost effective balanced rations with high performance for Ostrich.\u00a0\u00a0 They do not form part of \u2018production\u2019 nutrition.\u00a0 It is the authors\u2019 opinion that Ostriches should never have “free-choice” of any mineral product as imbalances in the diet will result.<\/p>\n

    MISCELLANEOUS<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Capital Costs<\/strong> \u2013 Items of a Capital Nature.\u00a0 One off payments for items that last a number of years.\u00a0 Examples:\u00a0 Land, Buildings, Vehicles.<\/p>\n

    Debone <\/strong>\u2013 Removal of muscles from the Bone only as far as whole muscle assemblies .\u00a0\u00a0 See Muscle Out<\/p>\n

    Evisceration<\/strong> \u2013 Removal of Heart, Lungs, Intestines, Kidney, Gizzard \u2013 all internal organs, fat and offal.<\/p>\n

    Fixed Costs<\/strong> \u2013 Any cost of operating a business that has to be paid regardless of level of production.\u00a0 Examples:\u00a0 Rent, Salaries, Telephone, Capital Depreciation<\/p>\n

    Incubation<\/strong> \u2013 The process eggs go through to turn from egg to chick.\u00a0 With Ostrich this process takes 42 Days.\u00a0 An Incubator is used to Incubate eggs<\/p>\n

    HACCP<\/strong> \u2013 Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points – A system of analysing and putting into place systems in the production line to minimise risks of bacterial infection and cross contamination of food products.<\/p>\n

    Hatching<\/strong> – The process of chick exiting the egg.\u00a0 Eggs can be hatched in the Incubator if they can be prevented from turning.\u00a0 Usually eggs are moved to a Hatcher for the hatching process.<\/p>\n

    Multi-Specie<\/strong> \u2013 More than one Specie.\u00a0 Example: A slaughter plant that slaughters pigs, sheep and cattle.<\/p>\n

    Muscle Out<\/strong> – Separating the muscles from the muscle assemblies.\u00a0 The muscles will be demembraned and ready for further processing, portion control or simply packing as whole muscles ready for wholesale market.<\/p>\n

    Setting<\/strong> \u2013 See Incubation – an Incubator can be called a Setter.<\/p>\n

    Variable Costs<\/strong> \u2013 The costs of operating a business relevant to actual Production.\u00a0 They will therefore vary according to the level of production.\u00a0 Also called Production Costs.\u00a0\u00a0 Examples:\u00a0 Feed, Wages, Heat, Water<\/p>\n

    SKINS<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Crown <\/strong>\u2013 The diamond area or main body area with the follicle cover.<\/p>\n

    Follicles<\/strong> \u2013 The bumps made by the feathers on the skin<\/p>\n

    Hair Follicles <\/strong>– A hair follicle is caused by the occurrence of hair routes and is natural.<\/p>\n

    Pin Holes<\/strong> \u2013 Small holes in the skin left by hair follicles<\/p>\n

    Quill <\/strong>\u2013 The lower end of the feather.\u00a0 The part of the feather that attaches to the skin<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Terminology and Measurements of Performance Understanding livestock terminology and measurements of performance are an important component to be able to measure success.\u00a0 The following is a list of different common terms. NUTRITION Ad Lib:\u00a0 Also known as Free Choice.\u00a0\u00a0Sufficient Feed …<\/span> Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-132","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blue-mountain.net\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/132","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blue-mountain.net\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blue-mountain.net\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blue-mountain.net\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blue-mountain.net\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=132"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/blue-mountain.net\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/132\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":146,"href":"https:\/\/blue-mountain.net\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/132\/revisions\/146"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blue-mountain.net\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=132"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}